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中醫英譯中漢英標點符號的異同和轉換

羅磊

【關鍵詞】 中國傳統

[關鍵詞]醫學, 中國傳統; 語言學; 翻譯; 英語; 標點符號

The conversion and the similarities and differences of Chinese and English punctuation in English translation for traditional Chinese medicine

KEY WORDS medicine, Chinese traditional; linguistics; translation; English; punctuation

標點符號是文字語言不可缺少的、強有力的輔助。正確運用標點符號可以幫助讀者分清句子結構,辨明語氣,準確了解文意。標點符號在語言信息的傳遞與處理過程中起著很重要的作用,但一些初學中醫英譯者對這一點重視不夠。

語篇中一個成分與另一個可以與之相互解釋的成分之間的關系,有四種銜接手段,即照應、省略(包括替代)、連接、詞匯銜接。漢語語篇的銜接與英語是相似的。事實上,標點符號作為文字語言不可缺少的輔助,在語篇中的銜接作用是很明顯的。例如:分號將前后兩個并列的分句連接起來,體現了兩個分句的并列或對比的邏輯關系;冒號標示前后文提示性邏輯關系;括號標明符號內外注釋性邏輯關系;破折號標明符號前后之間解釋說明、補充說明或語義突然轉變的邏輯關系。標點符號是文字里面有機的部分,不是外加上去的。它跟舊式的句讀號不同,不僅僅是怕讀者讀不斷,給他指點指點的。每一個標點符號都有獨特的作用,說它們是另一形式的虛字,也不為過分。應該把它們和虛字同樣看待,用與不用,用在哪里,都值得斟酌一番。如上面提到的分號相當于“和”或“而”;冒號、破折號和括號均可相當于“即”、“也就是”等連接詞匯。

標點符號也是一種連接方式,一種銜接手段。如同位語成分就是對先行詞進行重述或作進一步的解釋說明。為了更有效地表達這種邏輯關系,英譯時可以用破折號和冒號充當連接手段。有些同位語漢譯時往往需要作適當的擴充或加破折號、冒號等。英譯時可以用破折號或冒號將兩者銜接起來,從而突出、強調信息中心。在這里,這兩種標點符號相當于“即”、“也就是”這樣的連接詞。如不用破折號或冒號,而沿用原文中的逗號,信息中心的突出就沒有如此有效。以下我們談談漢英標點符號的異同和轉換。

1漢英標點符號的異同

在書面語里,標點符號用來表示各句之間和句子各成分之間的關系,使文字所表達的內容明確清晰,易于被讀者了解。

英語的標點符號和漢語的標點符號的使用有相同的地方,也有許多不同的地方。英語采用的標點符號,有些漢語中沒有,如:“’”撇號(apostrophe),“[ ]”方括號(brackets),“”連字號(hyphen),“/”斜線號(virgule or slant),斜體(italic)。而漢語的書名號“《 》”又不為英語所用。中醫藥學漢譯英時必須正確地翻譯這些標點符號所代表的含義[1]。要正確地翻譯必須首先了解這些不同于漢語標點符號的英語標點符號。

1.1“’”撇號(apostrophe)

1.1.1表示名詞和不定代詞的所有格 如:

醫生的解釋不能消除他們的懷疑。

Doctor’s explanation cannot dismiss their doubt.

1.1.2表示數字、符號、字母或詞形本身的復數 如:

病人對話中用“and”太多。

The patients have used too many and’s in their dialogue.

1.1.3表示縮約形式 如It’s等于It is。

1.2“[ ]”方括號(brackets)

1.2.1在引述他人文字中插入自己的解釋性或評論性詞語,或做詳細的補充 如:

與川芎湯的AUC [(15 734.88±7 737.97)ng/(minml)]比較,川芎配伍芍藥后AUC[(5 717.92±6 124.63)ng/(minml)]值明顯降低(P<0.05)。

As compared with the AUC in subjects who were administered LW decoction, the AUC in those taken LW+PV decoction was lower [(15 734.88±7 737.97) ng/(minml) vs (5 717.92±6 124.63) ng/(minml)], P<0.05).

1.2.2用于對原文加以糾正或詳細的補充 如:

由政府主持編定的《太平圣惠方》,全書100卷,載方16 833首(實際是16 834首),收集了當時大量的效方、驗方和秘方,曾由國家頒布為我國第一部“方典”。

The Peaceful Holy Benevolence Formulae, which has 100 volumes with 16 833 [actually 16 834] formulae, was the first Standards of Formulae compiled under the auspices of government and issued by government.

1.2.3作圓括號內的括號[2] 如:

望神一般應注意四種情況(得神(有神)、少神、失神和假神)。

Four conditions (full vitality [having vitality], lack of vitality, loss of vitality, false vitality) should be distinguished in the vitality observation.

1.3“”連字號(hyphen)用于復合詞。如:the five zangviscera(五臟),yangjaundice(陽黃),waterdampness(水濕),the coldattack disease(傷寒病),defensiveqinutrientblood syndrome differentiation(衛氣營血辨證)。又如:

各醫家自撰方書也不少見,如沈括的《蘇沈良方》。

There were a lot of formula books written by other physicians, such as SuShen Effective Formulae by Shen Kuo[3].

其中,漢語的書名號“《 》”用英語斜體代替。

1.4“/”斜線號(virgule or slant)如:

囟門突然凹陷常由于吐瀉傷津。

The sunken fontanel usually due to the depletion of body fluid caused by vomiting and/or diarrhea[4].

2標點符號的轉換

書面語里標點符號用來表示各句之間和句子各成分之間的關系,使文字所反映的思想內容明確清楚,易為讀者了解。在翻譯中要使譯文準確、通順,就不能忽視對標點符號的運用和轉換。原文的標點符號不應當也不可能原封不動地搬到譯文中來。這不僅因為英語標點符號與漢語標點符號有某些不同之處,而且因為漢譯英后語言結構必然發生變化,標點符號的運用也必須作相應的變動。現將漢譯英中常見的標點符號轉換現象舉例說明如下。

2.1由于合句而引起標點符號的轉換

2.1.1句號轉換成逗號

(1)立法是治則的具體運用,是選藥組方的指導原則。而治法是治療方法。

Establishing therapy is concrete application of therapeutic principle and provides guiding principle for selecting herbs and designing a formula, whilst therapy refers to the methods of treatment.

(2)痰飲,是由于水液聚于體內的某一局部所致。影響了津液輸布,凝聚而成痰,出現咳嗽、痰多白沫。

The phlegmrheum is caused by the accumulation of the water fluids in a certain part of the body,which affects the distribution of the body fluid and accumulates it to form the phlegm, giving rise to cough and profuse foaming sputum.

2.1.2句號轉換成連詞

(1)痰飲影響了津液輸布。最后凝聚而成痰,出現咳嗽、痰多白沫。

The phlegmrheum affected the distribution of the body fluid, and in last accumulated it to form the phlegm, giving rise to cough and profuse foaming sputum.

(2)故暑邪為病,常兼挾濕邪以侵犯人體。在發熱的同時,常出現胸悶嘔惡、大便溏泄等。

If summer heat brings a disease, it often takes the pathogenic damp to attack the body, and in conjunction with fever, presents stuffy chest, vomiting and loose stools.

2.1.3句號轉換成逗號加連詞

元氣分布于臟腑,即成為臟腑之氣。每一臟腑都有各自的氣。

The yuanprimary qi that distributes in the zangfu organs is known as the zangfu organ qi, and each organ has its own qi.

2.2由于分句而引起標點符號的轉換

2.2.1逗號轉換成句號

(1)氣的活動力很強,人體生長、發育,一切生理活動和新陳代謝,都屬于氣的推動作用。

Qi is highly active. The human growth, development, as well as physiological activities and metabolism, belong to the promoting function of qi.

(2)在正常生理情況下,血液不致溢出于脈外,屬于氣的固攝作用,稱為“氣能攝血”。

Under normal circumstances, the blood does not extravagate from the vessels because of the containing function of qi. Hence it is said, “Qi contains the blood.”

2.2.2分號轉換成句號

(1)在外感熱病中熱結腸胃,便秘而腹滿脹痛者,稱為“熱秘”,屬實;津血虧損,腸液不足,腹部無明顯脹痛,稱為“虛秘”。

Constipation with fullness, distension, and pain in the abdomen due to the accumulation of heat in the stomach and intestines is termed “heat constipation” and belongs to the excessive syndrome. Constipation without obvious distension and pain in the abdomen caused by insufficiency of the intestinal humor due to depletion of the body fluid and blood is termed “deficient constipation”.

(2)氣滯胸脅,則胸脅脹痛;氣滯胃腸,則脘腹脹痛;氣滯于肝的經絡,可見乳房脹痛,少腹墜脹等。

If qi stagnates in the chest and hypochondrium, there will be painful and distending sensation. If qi stagnates in the stomach and intestines, there will be distending pain in the epigastrium and abdomen. If qi stagnates in the Liver Meridian, there will be distending pain in the breasts and down bearing sensation in the lower abdomen.

2.3由于英語標點符號與漢語標點符號不同而引起的轉換

(1)五行學說認為,宇宙間的一切事物,都是由木、火、土、金、水五種物質的運動與變化所構成的。

The theory of the five elements holds that all the phenomena in the universe are composed by the movement and mutation of the five objects: wood, fire, earth, metal and water.

(2)三焦分為上、中、下焦三個不同部位,使飲食水谷被消化吸收與輸布排泄,發生其不同的氣化作用。

The Sanjiao is pided into the upper, middle and lower portions to enable them to have their inpidual qi transforming function for digestion, absorption, distribution and excretion of water and grain.

(3)“氣機”,主要表現為升、降、出、入四種形式。

“Qi activity” is mainly manifested by the four forms: upflow, downflow, outflow and inflow.

2.4由于作用相同而引起標點符號的轉換 在中醫藥學漢英翻譯中,常見的是分號轉換成逗號加連詞。

(1)津血虧損,腸液不足,腹部無明顯脹痛,稱為“虛秘”;老年陽虛,無力運化,排便困難者,稱為“寒秘”,也屬“虛秘”。

Constipation without obvious distension and pain in the abdomen caused by insufficiency of the intestinal humor due to depletion of the body fluid and blood is termed “deficient constipation”, and the difficulty of defecation happening in the elderly due to yang deficiency which affects the transportation and transformation is termed “cold constipation” and also is one of the types of “deficient constipation”.

(2)腹痛作瀉,每因情緒波動而誘發;瀉后而痛不減,屬肝脾不和。

Bouts of diarrhea with abdominal pain that is unrelieved by defecation are brought on by emotional stimulation,and the cause is the disharmony between the liver and spleen.

1羅磊. 醫學英漢互譯技巧與實踐[M]. 北京:人民軍醫出版社, 2004. 271.

2陸谷孫. 英漢大詞典[M]. 上海:上海譯文出版社, 1989. 4097.

3羅磊. 中國文化與中醫英譯[J]. 西醫結合">中西醫結合學報, 2004, 2(4):319320.

4北京中醫藥大學主編. Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine[M]. 北京: 學苑出版社, 1998. 34.

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