抗菌藥物誘導(dǎo)性腸球菌耐藥的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究*
佚名
【摘要】 目的 深入腸球菌耐藥性的產(chǎn)生機(jī)制,指導(dǎo)臨床合理用藥。 采用一步誘導(dǎo)法,對(duì)8株糞腸球菌、2株屎腸球菌和9株糞腸球菌、1株屎腸球菌進(jìn)行四環(huán)素和左氧氟沙星誘導(dǎo)性耐藥試驗(yàn)。對(duì)誘導(dǎo)出的菌株用瓊脂稀釋法測(cè)定藥物敏感性;用PCR法檢測(cè)四環(huán)素耐藥基因tetM、tetL,用PCR法擴(kuò)增gyrA、parC基因后測(cè)定DNA序列。結(jié)果 10株實(shí)驗(yàn)菌中的2株誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生了多株穩(wěn)定的四環(huán)素耐藥株。耐藥株的MIC分別為16~128μg/ml,與原株(MIC0.25μg/ml、2μg/ml)比較,增加了16~512倍。在1株實(shí)驗(yàn)菌的誘導(dǎo)耐藥株的質(zhì)粒DNA上檢測(cè)到tetL耐藥基因,另一株實(shí)驗(yàn)菌株的誘導(dǎo)耐藥株的染色體DNA上檢測(cè)到tetM耐藥基因;10株實(shí)驗(yàn)菌中的2株誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生了多株穩(wěn)定的左氧氟沙星耐藥株。誘導(dǎo)耐藥株的MIC分別為16~64μg/ml,與原株(MIC 2μg/ml、2μg/ml)比較,增加了8~32倍。GyrA的QRDR內(nèi)的第87位或第83位的氨基酸及ParC的 QRDR內(nèi)的第80位的氨基酸均發(fā)生了改變。結(jié)論 一步法抗菌藥物誘導(dǎo)性耐藥試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果表明,腸球菌可在高于耐藥MIC濃度的抗菌藥物短期作用后獲得耐藥性。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 腸球菌 抗菌藥物 誘導(dǎo)性耐藥 抗菌藥物壓力
Laboratory study of antibacterial agents on enterococcus induced resistance
【Abstract】 Objective purpose of the present research was to study on the emergence mechanism of enterococcal resistance to a variety of antibacterial agents,and to guide the selection and use of antimicrobial agents in clinical practice.Methods Eight of faecalis enterococcus and two of faecalis enterococcus,nine of faecalis enterococcus and one of faecium enterococcus were selected to performed experiments on induced resistance to tetracycline、levofloxacin respectively by one-step method.The susceptibility of the induced strains resisitant to tetracycline、levofloxacin was measured by determining the MIC using agar dilution method. The tetM and tetL gene in the induced strains were detected by PCR, gyrA and parC gene were amplified by using PCR,then the nucleotide sequence of two genes were analysed.Results Some strains stably resistant to tetracycline were obtained from 2 of 10 test strains,the MICs of these laboratory resistant strains were 16~128μg/ml.with 16-fold~512-fold increase compared with parental strains (MIC 0.25μg/ml、2μg/ml, respectively). The gene of tetL was detected in the plasmid DNA of one test strain and its laboratory resistant strains. The gene of tetM was detected in the chromosome DNA of the laboratory resistant strains from another one test strain. Some strains stably resistant to levofloxacin were obtained from 2 of 10 test strains.The MICs of the laboratory stains were 16~64μg/ml,with 8~32 times higher than that of the parental strains (MIC 2μg/ml、2μg/ml respectively). Neucleotide sequence analysis and comparison of the derived amino acid sequence revealed that GyrA had a substitution at position 83 and 87 in laboratory resistant strains.The alterations in ParC at position 80 were observed in all laboratory resistant strains.Conclusion The results of in vitro experiments on enterococcal strains for induced resistance to tetracycline and levofloxacin, were performed by one-step method,show that acquired resistance could be occurred when exposuring them to high level of some antibacterial agents for short term.
【Key words】 enterococcus antibacterial agents induced resistance antibacterial pressure
近年來(lái),腸球菌作為一種引起感染的重要病原菌已經(jīng)引起了醫(yī)學(xué)界的廣泛關(guān)注。美國(guó)醫(yī)院感染監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)(NISS)已將其列為引起醫(yī)院感染的第二大病原菌[1]。
腸球菌不僅具有天然耐藥性,而且更易被誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生新的耐藥性。Tankovic報(bào)告對(duì)環(huán)丙沙星耐藥的腸球菌由1987~1989年期間的不到2%增加到1991~1993年間的14%以上,而且是由該類藥物在臨床上的增加所致[2]。在瑞典Huddinge醫(yī)院,對(duì)喹諾酮耐藥的腸球菌由1994年的11%增加到1997年的25%[3]。而國(guó)內(nèi)1997~2001年期間臨床分離的腸球菌對(duì)環(huán)丙沙星耐藥率分別為糞腸球菌44.2%,屎腸球菌70.7%[4]。在美國(guó),由于萬(wàn)古霉素的使用,1989~1993年間腸球菌對(duì)萬(wàn)古霉素的耐藥率增加了20倍。這些統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)臨床資料已經(jīng)顯示,抗菌藥物的臨床應(yīng)用造成的藥物選擇性壓力可能是引起腸球菌耐藥性的產(chǎn)生與擴(kuò)散的重要原因之一。
為深入探索腸球菌耐藥性的產(chǎn)生和,本課題就此進(jìn)行了部分抗菌藥物的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 菌株 實(shí)驗(yàn)菌株TE1~TE10(TE3、TE9為屎腸球菌,其它為糞腸球菌)用于四環(huán)素誘導(dǎo)性耐藥試驗(yàn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)菌株LE1~LE10(LE2為屎腸球菌,其它為糞腸球菌)用于左氧氟沙星誘導(dǎo)性耐藥試驗(yàn)。質(zhì)控菌株為糞腸球菌ATCC29212、糞腸球菌ATCC 51299。
1.1.2 抗菌藥物 左氧氟沙星(LEV,5μg/片)、四環(huán)素(TCY,30μg/片)藥敏紙片購(gòu)自O(shè)xoid公司。四環(huán)素、左氧氟沙星粉劑購(gòu)自生物制品研究所。
1.1.3 試劑 心腦浸液、M-H瓊脂,購(gòu)自BECTON-DICKINSON公司。Vitek細(xì)菌鑒定卡及藥敏鑒定卡購(gòu)自法國(guó)生物梅里埃公司。PCR引物由賽百盛公司合成。四環(huán)素耐藥基因tetM引物為5′-GAC ACG CCA GGA CAT ATG G-3′, 5′-TGC TTT CCT CTT GTT CGA G-3′;四環(huán)素耐藥基因tetL引物為5′-ATA AAT TGT TTC GGG TCG TTA AT-3′,5′-AAC CAG CCA ACT AAT GAC AAT GAT-3′;DNA消旋酶gyrA引物為5′-CGG GAT GAA CGA ATT GGG TGT GA-3′,5′-AAT TTTACT CAT ACG TGC TTC GG-3′;DNA消旋酶parC引物為5′-AAA CCT GTT CAG CGC CGC AT-3′,5′-TCG GTG TAA CGC ATT GCC GC-3′。
1.1.4 儀器設(shè)備 Vitek AMS-60全自動(dòng)細(xì)菌鑒定及藥敏系統(tǒng)(法國(guó)生物梅里埃公司)。AG-9600 AMPLISENSOR MINILYZER PCR擴(kuò)增儀(美國(guó))。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)菌株的選擇 依據(jù)細(xì)菌鑒定及MIC結(jié)果,最終選擇對(duì)四環(huán)素敏感的8株糞腸球菌和2株屎腸球菌(MIC 0.25~4μg/ml)作為四環(huán)素誘導(dǎo)性耐藥的實(shí)驗(yàn)菌株;對(duì)左氧氟沙星敏感的9株糞腸球菌和1株屎腸球菌(MIC 0.5~2μg/ml)作為左氧氟沙星誘導(dǎo)性耐藥實(shí)驗(yàn)菌株。
1.2.2 藥物敏感性試驗(yàn) 瓊脂稀釋法參照2002年NCCLS推薦的方法進(jìn)行操作及判讀結(jié)果,同時(shí)測(cè)定糞腸球菌ATCC29212、糞腸球菌ATCC 51299的MIC進(jìn)行質(zhì)控。
1.2.3 四環(huán)素誘導(dǎo)性耐藥試驗(yàn) 采用一步法。參照[5]及腸球菌對(duì)四環(huán)素耐藥的MIC界值,首先確定四環(huán)素誘導(dǎo)耐藥試驗(yàn)的藥物濃度為20μg/ml、細(xì)菌接種量為107CFU/每個(gè)平板。將實(shí)驗(yàn)菌制備成1×108CFU/ml菌懸液,取100μl菌懸液加入到含20μg/ml四環(huán)素的BHI瓊脂平板上,用無(wú)菌L形棒均勻涂布平板,35℃培養(yǎng)24h、48h、72h、96h、120h后觀察結(jié)果,并記錄生長(zhǎng)的菌落數(shù)。取培養(yǎng)后生長(zhǎng)出的菌落,純培養(yǎng)后制備1×108CFU/ml菌懸液,取100μl菌懸液涂布接種新鮮制備的含20μg/ml四環(huán)素的BHI瓊脂平板,35℃培養(yǎng)18~24h,觀察有無(wú)細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)。在新鮮制備的及35℃分別放置了24、48、72、96和120h的含20μg/ml四環(huán)素的BHI瓊脂平板上,涂布接種100μl 1×108CFU/ml糞腸球菌ATCC29212及實(shí)驗(yàn)菌懸液,于35℃培養(yǎng)18~24h后觀察有無(wú)菌落生長(zhǎng)。對(duì)誘導(dǎo)出的菌株用瓊脂稀釋法測(cè)定藥物敏感性,用PCR檢測(cè)tetL和tetM耐藥基因。
1.2.4 左氧氟沙星誘導(dǎo)性耐藥試驗(yàn) 采用一步法。參照四環(huán)素誘導(dǎo)性耐藥試驗(yàn),首先確定左氧氟沙星誘導(dǎo)耐藥試驗(yàn)的藥物濃度為10μg/ml。其余步驟基本同四環(huán)素誘導(dǎo)性耐藥試驗(yàn)。此外,對(duì)部分誘導(dǎo)出的菌株的gyrA和parC基因擴(kuò)增后,進(jìn)行DNA序列。
1.2.5 誘導(dǎo)性耐藥菌株的穩(wěn)定性試驗(yàn) 將誘導(dǎo)的耐藥菌接種在無(wú)抗菌藥物BHI肉湯中,35℃培養(yǎng),每24h轉(zhuǎn)種一次,連續(xù)培養(yǎng)10代。然后進(jìn)行藥物敏感性測(cè)定。
1.2.6 耐藥基因測(cè)定 堿裂解法制備質(zhì)粒DNA、參照方法[6]制備染色體DNA。PCR反應(yīng)體系100μl,含模板DNA約0.2μg,引物0.2μmol/L,0.2mmol/L dNTP,10mmol/L Tris-HCl,50mmol/L KCl,2.5mmol/L MgCl2,2.5U TaqDNA聚合酶。耐藥基因DNA測(cè)序:將g