布托啡諾與芬太尼用于短時手術全身麻醉的臨床比較分析
張聯義 劉功儉
【摘要】 比較布托啡諾與芬太尼用于短時手術全麻中的臨床效果及不良反應,評價布托啡諾用于全麻的臨床作用及安全性。方法 ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級耳鼻咽喉科擇期聲帶息肉摘除術住院患者40例,手術時間(12±2)min,隨機分為布托啡諾組(B組,n=20)和芬太尼組(F組,n=20)。B組誘導靜脈注射布托啡諾20 μg·kg-1,F組誘導靜脈注射芬太尼5 μg·kg-1,2組4 min后均靜脈注射丙泊酚及琥珀膽堿行氣管插管控制呼吸,術中靜脈輸注丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼及琥珀膽堿維持麻醉。術中監測平均動脈壓(MAP)、心率(HR)、脈搏血氧飽和度(SpO2)、呼吸頻率(RR)、術后Ramsay鎮靜評分及VAS鎮痛評分、不良反應和拔管時間。結果 ①與術前相比,B組靜脈注射布托啡諾后及術后RR、SpO2無明顯變化(P>0.05);F組靜脈注射芬太尼后及術后RR下降顯著(P<0.05),術后拔管時間明顯大于B組(P<0.05)。②B組各時間點MAP、HR變化不明顯(P>0.05);F組靜脈注射芬太尼后HR下降顯著(P<0.05)。③拔管后B組VAS評分明顯低于F組(P<0.05)。④F組嗆咳、惡心、肌肉僵直、寒顫、呼吸抑制等不良反應發生率明顯高于B組(P<0.05)。結論 靜脈注射20 μg·kg-1布托啡諾可安全用于短時手術全身麻醉,不良反應發生率低。 【關鍵詞】 布托啡諾 全身麻醉 短時手術 芬太尼 Abstact: Objective To evaluate the clinical effect and safety of butorphanol induced general anesthesia in short-time operation against the fentanyl induced one. Methods Forty patients, with ASA grades Ⅰ and Ⅱ, diagnosed to have polyp of vocal cord for extirpation, were randomly pided into 2 groups of 20 each: butorphanol group (group B) and fentanyl group (group F). Anesthesia was induced with butorphanol (20 μg·kg-1) in group B and with fentanyl (5μg·kg-1) in group F. Four min later, intravenous propofol (2 mg·kg-1 ) and anectine (1.5 mg·kg-1 ) were given to intubate the trachea and start mechanical ventilation. The anesthesia was then maintained with intravenous propofol, remifentanil and anectine during the operation. The heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR), saturation of pulse oxygen (SpO2) and adverse effects were noticed before and during the operation and after the extubation. The quality of analgesia and sedation was scored after extubation, with the time of extubation put down. Results There were no significant changes in RR and SpO2 in group B after the intravenous butorphanol and the operation (P>0.05). But the RR dropped significantly in group F after intravenous fentanyl and the operation (P<0.05), so the time of extubation had to be postponed. The MAP and HR were not altered in group B, but the HR dropped markedly in group F (P<0.05). The VAS value after extubation was significantly lower in group B than in group F (P<0.05). The adverse gagging, bucking, shivering and respiratory depression were significantly less marked in group B than in group F (P<0.05). Conclusion It is safe and feasible to use butorphanol (20 μg·kg-1) to perform general anesthesia for short-time operation, with lower incidence of side effects. Key words: butorphanol; gerneral anesthesia; short-time operation; fentanyl 阿片類鎮痛藥芬太尼具有鎮痛作用強和循環影響小的特點而廣泛用于全身麻醉,但其呼吸抑制作用時間長而常致拔管延遲,不適于短時手術全身麻醉。布托啡諾為阿片類受體激動-拮抗劑,鎮痛效應強,不良反應發生率低,廣泛應用于術后鎮痛。布托啡諾可否安全應用于全身麻醉,特別是短時手術全身麻醉,國內外少有文獻報道。本研究比較了布托啡諾、芬太尼用于短時手術全身麻醉對呼吸、循環的影響,鎮痛效果及不良反應。 1 資料和方法 1.1 一般資料 40例聲帶息肉摘除手術住院患者,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級,年齡40~56歲,體重55~69 kg,隨機分為芬太尼組(F組,n=20)和布托啡諾組(B組,n=20)。患者術前無心肺疾病及高血壓病史,肝、腎功能無明顯異常。2組患者的年齡、體重、手術時間差異均無顯著性。見表1。表1 2組患者的年齡、體重、手術時間 1.2 方法 2組患者術前30 min肌注東莨菪堿0.3 mg,入室后開放上肢靜脈。B組患者靜脈注射布托啡諾20 μg·kg-1,F組患者靜脈注射芬太尼5 μg·kg-1。2組患者用藥后4 min靜脈注射丙泊酚2 mg·kg-1,琥珀膽堿1.5 mg·kg-1,面罩加壓供氧,肌松完全后行氣管插管接呼吸機控制呼吸。術中靜脈輸注丙泊酚3~4 mg·kg-1 ·h-1,瑞芬太尼0.3μg·kg-1·min-1及琥珀膽堿維持麻醉。采用Datex心電檢測儀常規對呼吸、循環進行監測。手術結束后停止輸注丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼和琥珀膽堿。 1.3 觀察指標 ①記錄術前(T0)、靜脈注射布托啡諾或芬太尼后4 min(T1)、插管后即刻(T2)、手術開始(T3)、拔管前5 min(T4)及拔管后30 min(T5)的心率(HR)、平均動脈壓(MAP)、呼吸頻率(RR)、脈搏血氧飽和度(SpO2)及不良反應。②記錄術后拔管時間(手術結束到拔除氣管導管時間)。③觀察患者拔管后鎮痛、鎮靜評分。鎮痛評分采用視覺模擬評分(VAS):0分為無痛,10分為劇痛。鎮靜評分采用Ramsay法:1分為焦慮狀態;2分為平靜合作;3分為稍沉默,有定向力;4分為睡眠,對呼喊反應敏感;5分為睡眠,對呼喊反應遲鈍。不良反應包括嗆咳、惡心、嘔吐、肌肉僵直、寒顫、呼吸抑制等。 1.4 統計學處理 所得數據均采用SSPS 13.0軟件進行統計分析。定量資料以±s表示,采用t檢驗;定性資料采用χ2檢驗。P<0.05認為差異有顯著性。 2 結 果 2.1 呼吸、循環功能變化 與術前比較,2組患者插管后及拔管后MAP、HR有所升高,但差異無顯著性(P>0.05);F組靜脈注射芬太尼后HR下降明顯(P<0.05);F組患者靜脈注射芬太尼后及術后RR明顯低于B組(P<0.05),而SpO2差異無顯著性(P>0.05)。見表2。表2 2組患者HR、MAP、RR、SpO2的變化與給藥前比較:*P<0.05;與B組同時點比較:#P<0.05
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