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關(guān)于英語閱讀理解中的十種猜詞法

彭遠軍

由于近年來高考英語閱讀理解題在許多情況下對考綱外的生詞不夾注中文,尤其是高考英語還經(jīng)常直接對猜測生詞詞義設(shè)題,有時甚至還占有較高的比例,所以考生學(xué)會如何巧妙地根據(jù)文章所提供信息來猜測生詞是很有必要的。下面介紹幾種常見的猜測生詞詞義的方法。

1. 定義法

定義法,即根據(jù)文章中的定義關(guān)系確定生詞的詞義。如:

(1)A glacier is a river of rice.

句義表明glacier 的意思是“冰河”。

(2)A linguist is a person who studies the science of language.

Linguist 就是一個“研究語言科學(xué)的人”,即“語言學(xué)家”。

2. 釋義法

釋義法,即根據(jù)文章中提供的釋義關(guān)系來確定生詞的詞義。如:

(1) They described him as a loom, or a foolish man.

句中的or 是對loom 的解釋,即 loom 與a foolish man 同義,即表示“笨蛋”。

(2) They are three kinds of snow. One kind is a fluffy snow which is somewhat dry and feathery.

定語從句 that is somewhat dry and feathery(有點兒干,像羽毛似的)表明fluffy snow 的意思可能是“鵝毛大雪”。

3. 同位法

同位法是對所修飾詞語的進一步說明和解釋,若對所修飾的詞語不熟悉,可通過其后面同位語的“說明或解釋”來確定詞義。如:

(1) His father is an expert in phonetics, the study of sounds of language.

同位語 the study of sounds of language 表示phonetics 的意思是“語言學(xué)”。

(2) Jean was born with spina bifida, a birth illness that damages the spina (脊骨)

同位語a birth illness that damages the spina 表明了spina bifida 是一種病,一種對脊骨有害的病。

4. 對比法

對比法,即根據(jù)文章前后的對比關(guān)系來確定生詞的詞義。如:

(1) He had been getting better, but during the night his condition deteriorated .

句中的but 表明deteriorated 應(yīng)該與 get better 的意思相反,即“惡化”。

(2) Mrs. Smith is loquacious while her husband is the silent type.

While 表示對比,意為“而”,所以loquacious 應(yīng)是silent的反義,即表示“多嘴的”。

5. 構(gòu)詞法

構(gòu)詞法,即根據(jù)前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等構(gòu)詞法判斷生詞的詞義。

如: (1) Overwork may cause diseases.

前綴over 的意思是“過分的,過量的”,故overwork的意思應(yīng)為“工作過度”。

(2) There was a dissatisfied look in the manager’s eyes.

satisfied 的意思是“滿意的”,前綴dis的意思是“不”,故dissatisfied 的意思應(yīng)該是“不滿意的”。

6.語境法

語境法,即根據(jù)上下文的語境來猜測生詞的詞義。如:

The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer.

從這個人答語中的work as an engineer 可知,occupation的意思可能是“職業(yè)”。

7.列舉法

列舉法,即通過對文章所列舉的事物來猜測生詞的詞義。如:

(1) Children like such creatures as dogs and monkeys.

像dogs and monkeys之類的creatures,所以creatures 的意思應(yīng)是“動物”。

(2) In your spare time, you may look through any of these periodicals: Time Magazine, News Week or The New Worker.

Periodicals 是生詞,但根據(jù)其后所列舉的例子可以推測出它的意思可能是“期刊”或“雜志”。

8.常識法

常識法,即根據(jù)常識推測生詞的詞義。如:

(1) It’s said that Bill Gates is the most affluent person in the world.

根據(jù)常識,Bill Gates 為世界首富,所以affluent可能是“富有的”。

(2) As a scientist, Edison is very famous for his contrivances.

根據(jù)常識,Edison 為發(fā)明大王,他因“發(fā)明”而聞名于世。

9類屬法

類屬法,即通過類屬來猜測生詞的詞義。如:

Bananas, oranges, pinenapples, coconuts and some other kinds of fruit grow in warm areas.

從句意可知,pineapples ,coconuts 與bananas,oranges 是同類事物,同屬水果(準確地說是菠蘿和椰子)。

10.推理法

推理法,即根據(jù)文章的前后語境推測出生詞的詞義。如:

Everyone agreed that the woman in the photo was gorgeous. It was easy to see why she had won the beauty contest.

既然“她在選美比賽中獲勝”,說明她“很美麗”。

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